P&G vs Unilever Executive Summary

Unilever and P&G – Comparative Analysis Executive Summary The Consumer Products Industry is the biggest industry in the world at the moment, with total revenues amounting to about 50% of all goods sold. It is comparable to the GDP of the 4th biggest economy in the world, and entails most of the products we use in our every day lives. There are 3 key factors that drive the industry today: developing markets, the emerging middle-class of developing countries and the millions of baby boomers in developed markets.The industry faces many challenges nonetheless, such as an increase in prices of raw materials, crude oil, crops and commodities – especially oil prices; the constant broadening of the industry caused by globalization; and an increasing tendency for consumers to shop at mass-discount shops rather than the well-established companies within the Industry. The main players in this industry are Unilever, P&G, Nestle, Johnson &Johnson, PepsiCo, Mars and Henkel. This repo rt focuses on the comparative analysis of Unilever and P&G. Some of P&G’s most famous brands are Braun, Gillette, Oral-B and Pantene.These and the top 50% of most well known brands account for 90% of P&G sales and more than 90% of its profits. Furthermore, 25 of these 50 brands go as far as generating more than $1 billion each in annual sales. Overall, the company markets its brands in over 180 countries across the Americas, Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA) and the Asian region. Despite the recent crisis, P&G continued to experience growth due to a strategy of â€Å"investments in innovation, portfolio expansion, marketing support and consumer value†. The company is also investing $2 billion in R&D annually.As for Unilever, the company owns more than 400 brands, and 2 million people use Unilever an product on any given day. Unilever is based in 100 countries and sells products into more than 150. The long-term goals are continuous improvement and developing a sustainable business, and the company has over 6000 people working in R&D across the globe for a total of $1,3 billion worth of R&D investments in 2011. In terms of financial comparative analysis, market Ratios for both companies show that Unilever and P&G are attractive investments for investors.P&G has a higher EPS on average and is a more preferable investment currently for investors looking for high returns. The market ratios also show that Unilever has been improving its earnings and has a higher earning potential in the future as its EPS, P/E and payout ratio have been improving over time. P&G on the other hand currently has a higher yield as shown by the Dividend Yield ratio but its performance seems to be declining gradually as evident by the worsening Market Ratios.The Liquidity ratios of both companies clearly point out to the fact that the companies are not in a position to meet their immediate liabilities. However, this is not a matter of concern as both companies are la rge, stable and established businesses. The liquidity ratios show an adverse situation for the companies even though they are healthy otherwise. This is because the industry is such that the companies must have high current liabilities over extended periods of time and low assets due to very fast inventory turnover rate.The consumer goods industry requires that a company’s inventory turns be fast and the accounts payable be large over long periods of time to have a high level of efficiency and consequently profitability. It also assures both corporations a competitive edge and for this reason liquidity ratios must remain low which may seem unhealthy but in reality is helpful in this particular industry. From 2007 to 2011 Unilever consistently had higher growth rates in revenue, operating and net profit. During this time span P&G profit growth rates even were negative.This indicates that P&G is from an absolute point of view still bigger and more profitable, but Unilever is ca tching up. A closer look at the profitability ratios shows that both companies are doing very well with gross ratios of 43,80% (Unilever) and 50,56% (P&G). These ratios are above the 40% industry average and especially P&G is very profitable. This first indication is consistent with the further analysis of profitability ratios such as the net profit margin, which is still is 5% higher for P&G than Unilever.So far P&G has managed the increasing pressure on margins due to increasing raw material prices more successful than Unilever, but has to adjust its cost-structure to stop the ongoing negative trend of the last five years. Regarding efficiency ratios like return on capital ratios the previous dominance of P&G’s financial performance cannot be confirmed. Instead, Unilever outperforms P&G in all efficiency ratios, like the return on invested capital (16,89% vs. 10,42%), the return on assets (11,26% vs. 8,99%) or the return on capital employed (16,66% vs. 14,06%) for the time span between 2007 to 2011.This indicates Unilever outstanding capabilities to allocate its resources to the most profitable investments and to use the assets as efficient as possible. In terms of the debt situation for P&G and Unilever, analysis has shown that Unilever’s business is higher leveraged (D-E ratio 2,13) than P&G’s (1,09). This and the higher efficiency also explain why Unilever’s return on equity is much higher (36,06%) than P&G’s (18,78%). As a result of its high profitability and low debt-to-equity ratio, P&G’s TIE ratio is also much higher than Unilever’s (11,95 vs. ,61). The analysis has shown that P&G is a more conservative financed and highly profitable business whereas Unilever is more aggressive in terms of growth. Unilever already is highly efficient and has grown much faster than P&G over the last five years. If this trend is not reversed P&G will face increasing competition from Unilever in the close future. Weâ€℠¢ve calculated the average over five years for each company’s activity ratios and compared them as such because these ratios seemed to be relatively stable over time.They also appear to be in line with the companies’ strategies and policies, starting with the Asset Turnover being proportional to the return on equity: Unilever has a turnover almost double that of P&G. As we’ve mentioned earlier, fast inventory turnover is a characteristic of the industry, but Unilever seems to be doing better than P&G in these terms as well. We believe that Unilever’s focus on food products gives it a higher Inventory Turnover (9,09) compared to P&G’s household products focus (5,41).This gives Unilever a lower average age of inventory. Unilever also has a higher Day Purchases Outstanding Ratio, meaning they stretch suppliers much more by taking 88,40 days to pays them, compared to P&G’s 65,48 days. Strictly speaking, we would expect P&G to display a higher ba rgaining power to do its much higher Revenue, but this ratio shows a different story. Reasons for this could be due to geography, both in terms of differences in local management and in local regulations, and to the diversity of suppliers induced by the focus on 50 or 300 brands.In terms of the Day Sales Outstanding Ratio, it is P&G that seems to have the better policy this time. They convert Accounts Receivable to Cash in about 28 days versus 35 days for Unilever. Again, although smaller, this difference is important because it can reflect a difference in policies or diversity of suppliers. These two factors combined, low DSO and high DPO Ratios, lead to a negative Net Working Capital such as we had seen in our Walmart analysis. Compared to Assets, P&G has a negative NWC of -27% and Unilever of -20%.In conclusion, both companies show very strong financial health given the crisis, especially compared to the rest of the market. They are defensive values which show that their policies are working to resist the crisis. In absolute terms P&G is doing better as a company because it is a bigger, stronger, established firm. In relative terms the ratios paint another picture though: Unilever has been catching up to P&G in recent years, and their growth and financial management seems to be stronger than that of P&G.

Case in motivation and teamwork of Starbuck Essay

                 Formal teams are teams whose structures are clearly defined mainly of the basis of specialization. In these types of teams, the members are not equal and every one of them has a rank (Moorhead & Griffin, 73). For example, there are managers, supervisors and other junior employees. It is worthy noting that every member of a formal team performs their specific duties. For example, managers stay in their offices and issues directives to their juniors. On the other hand, informal teams have no structure and all team members are seen as equal regardless of their specialty. In these types of teams, any member can perform any task. Question 2               A team in Starbucks consists of three to six people and this helps the employees to know each other well. Any opinion expressed by employees is given an equal significance regardless of their position.                The top management at Starbucks work together with their juniors which makes them more familiar and closer compared to other bureaucratic companies.               The management at Starbucks treats all employees as equals and this is aimed at reducing the gap between the employees and the management.                   The top management at the company believes that employees are its main spirit. Consequently, the management adopts an interactive organizational structure that makes the employees love their jobs and perform them with passion. Question 3 a) The size of a team is an important factor because it determines how well the team members know each other. This is important because it brings about cohesion in the work place. b) The first benefit of Starbucks having small teams of staff in every branch is that the team members get to know each other better. Secondly, it improves communication within the group. Question 4                From the Starbucks case study, it is clear that there are three major issues that the company needs to address in its planning process namely listening to the opinion of its employees, equal treatment and ensuring good welfare for the employees.               Equal treatment- this is one of the major issues that the company needs to address in its planning process. Equal treatment requires all employees to be treated equally regardless of their position. According to the case study, it is clear that the management at the company treats all employees as equals and refers to them as partners. This is important because it narrows the gap between the employees and the management. Treating every employees fairly and equally in the workplace results in a friendly working environment. Consequently, if the issue of equal treatment is addressed in the planning process, it will help in creating closer working atmosphere and good management (Rynes & Rosen 64).                Listening to the employees- listening to the employees is other issue that requires to be addressed in the planning process. From the Starbucks case, it is clear that the company wants every employee to take part in developing plans and work as a team to achieve the set goals. Consequently, the company’s principles and policies are communicated to all employees, and there is no restriction in the employee’s individual opinions. By listening to the employees, makes them feel important which in turn motivates them hence increasing their productivity (Rynes & Rosen, 83). References Moorhead, G., & Griffin, R. W. Managing organizational behavior. (10th ed.). Cengage Learning., 2012. Print Rynes, S., & Rosen, B. A field survey of factors affecting the adoption and perceived success of diversity training. Personnel Psychology, 1995. Print Source document

Bridgeton Management Essay

The ACF plant had cutbacks throughout the 80s as a result of stiff competition caused by foreign competitors entering a market that was dominated by the US auto parts suppliers. As a result of declining market share, ACF is not only in competition with other suppliers but also other Bridgeton plants. The gross profit is declining due to increased costs in direct labor and direct material since 1987. Direct materials cost increased due to the high cost of steel in producing the manifolds. Direct labor cost increased due to the plant using people that were in the retained job pool by the union. More overhead cost was being allocated to remaining products when muffler/exhaust and oil pans were outsourced; as a result manifolds have absorbed a higher cost and are on the brink of being outsourced. Direct labor being cost driver for Overhead allocation, the manifolds product bears a huge portion of the cost of overhead. With the trend in the industry changing and that the manifolds product is as such not yet incurring a loss, I would not recommend it being outsourced for the following reasons: 1. As two important lines – muffler/exhaust and oil pans being outsourced, the Overhead rate significantly increased from 435% to 566%. Despite of significant improvements in the production of manifolds and reduction in overall overhead costs, the fixed costs associated with other lines was burdened on to the manifolds product line. If outsourced, possibly the manifolds burden (like the muffler and oil pans) would shift to another product, which would in turn result in the plant shutting down. 2. As the auto industry is driven more by machines and labor and as plants being more machine intensive than labor intensive, having direct labor, as the cost driver for overhead allocation could be incorrect. The plant should have overhead allocation based on machine hours instead, which would give a better allocation base. 3. If emission standards increased, which would be in favor for the plant, they could increase the selling prices of their manifolds. In the auto industry is could be very likely of the industry demanding a higher emission standard that could only be profitable to Bridgeton.

Moodal Realism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Moodal Realism - Essay Example Epistemology is popularly held to be a conjunction of two fundamental words: "episteme", which means knowledge or information and "logos" means belief or a system of meanings. Thus it is a field of enquiry into the relevance and ingredients of knowledge and how do they affect us by their state and nature of existence. Hence, knowledge is seen as an after product of something. It is not a neutral state of being that was just there from the beginning. And when speaking of beginning, it also has a theological side to it, because it then analyzes the Christian belief of Origin too and how knowledge came into being. Therefore epistemology defines, analyzes, classifies and determines the very existence of knowledge. It is a very vast field but it is interminably connected with ideas and quests of metaphysics that questions the nature of our immediate outside or reality, and our inside or being. Thus if theory of knowledge questions the understanding of a mass of gathered data, then metaphy sics interprets that to understand the world we inhabit. Ontology situates the various categories into different areas of interpretation and locates it within the fixity of a single perceivable and understandable reality. But what if the reality is a plural idea Then what happens to the idea of the being Where do we locate the consciousness 3.0 Interrelation Between Modal Realism and Epistemology Counterfactuals come in between the assumptions of Modal Realism and critical problems of it concerning epistemology to whose scope it may. Thus counterfactualism opens up more possibilities and act against the teleological determinism that seem to haunt historical truths that seem to be chronologically and determinedly progressing towards an ultimate end and has a hidden purpose towards ultimate perfection or destruction. In theology that maybe an apocalypse or Judgement Day, while in science it may be the end of evolution and extinction and in physics it may be the end or the beginning of another universe altogether. Hence, how does the study of knowledge that asserts the value of knowledge treat Thus knowledge and truth are interrelated. Hence, Modal Realism becomes a claim that must either be a part of that truth, which is either established by reason or by empiricism and hence is a priori or posteriori in their essence and existence. Lewis makes a claim which allows us to at lea st think of many possible worlds where all things are parallely possible without any temper spatial relation to each other and thus if in one world President Kenny is assassinated, then in another he may have somehow been luckier and had a chance to be the president of America for another term. But how can the validity of such a bizarre notion (at least bizarre to the seeming establishment of epistemological understanding of know-how truth, belief and system of verified reality Thus the question of 'what if' is problematic not just within its essential dimension of being impossible (since a priori knowledge is another area

Life in Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Life in Schools - Essay Example The strength of Geertz’s article comes from the ability to create a question of what culture should mean in a specific environment. Geertz is able to look at and analyze the interpretations of culture. This comes from the ideas of behavior and actions, intellectual relationships and interactions within the classroom. Geertz shows that individuals have created and embraced that culture must mean something that relates to identifying an individual and placing them with a specific identity and description. However, Geertz creates a challenge by stating that culture is the expression of the individual and the lifestyle they live. By building an intellectual response around this, there is the inability to understand the true identity and character of those who are relating to the understanding of culture. This leads to a common law of what culture should mean, despite the true reality of what exists within culture. The concepts that Geertz relates to and challenges readers with don ’t only carry strength because of the main question in terms of culture. He furthers his alternatives with the ethnographic and anthropological discussions that are a part of culture. There is a large amount of evidence and definitions that have shown how these have created a specific intellectual viewpoint toward culture. Geertz doesn’t disregard the philosophies and definitions that are associated with these main viewpoints on culture and how this creates specific relationships to individuals in society. Instead, this is embraced with observing the strengths of these philosophies. However, there is also an understanding that this doesn’t equate to the experiences that individuals in society have and the beliefs in existence that one may have. While one may write about cultural affiliations and ways of existence, it can’t substitute for being in the experience and living within the culture as a belief and experience. The interpretations that are created then become self – limiting by the definitions and concepts that are related to this. The evidence that Geertz uses, associations to intellectual thought and the ability to show the ideologies of culture all help Geertz in creating a specific level of communication that divides the idea of culture from the experience of living in a culture. The one weakness that is in the article comes from the inability to truly analyze and understand what culture should mean if it goes outside of the parameters from those who have built observations and studies that relate to culture. Without this context, there is the inability to have a connection to culture and one remains detached from understanding other lifestyles. While there is the ability to understand that theories toward culture are intellectual interpretations, there is also the inability to create a substitute of what should exist in terms of building a deeper understanding of what culture should mean in terms of experience. Th e challenge then becomes based on creating a way to experience culture while bridging the gaps with intellectual viewpoints that are commonly used in terms of education. Questions of the curriculum within schools are often based on what students should be learning and what the expectations should be within the classroom. However, there is often not a consideration toward the difficulties with the expectations and the relationship that this creates with

Organizational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organizational Behaviour - Essay Example The happier an individual is within their job, the more satisfied they are said to be. Job satisfaction is not the same as motivation, although it is clearly linked. Job design aims to enhance job satisfaction and performance, methods include job rotation, job enlargement and job enrichment. Other influences on satisfaction include the management style and culture, employee involvement, empowerment and autonomous work groups. Job satisfaction is a very important attitude which is frequently measured by organisations. The most common way of measurement is the use of rating scales where employees report their reactions to their jobs. Questions relate to rate of pay, work responsibilies, variety of tasks, promotional opportunities the work itself and co-workers. Current paper provides comparatative analysis of five articles about job satisfaction as well as reports research on two additional articles. Basically there are 7 sources that alltogether provide a good overview on the issue. Job satisfaction is in regard to ones feelings or state-of-mind regarding the nature of their work. Job satisfaction can be influenced by a variety of factors, eg, the quality of ones relationship with their supervisor, the quality of the physical environment in which they work, degree of fulfillment in their work, etc. In the articles of Joseph E. Gawel â€Å"Herzbergs theory of motivation and Maslows hierarchy of needs† the author describes two behavioral theories that were long generally believed and embraced by business – the one of Frederick Herzberg and Abraham Maslow. Herzberg, a psychologist, proposed a theory about job factors that motivate employees. Maslow, a behavioral scientist and contemporary of Herzbergs, developed a theory about the rank and satisfaction of various human needs and how people pursue these needs. These theories are widely cited in

Summerize articles Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Summerize articles - Article Example Meanwhile, the article of Candice Wheeler, the ability of one to be able to comprehend and make things that has the beauty of color and the grace of lines are a gift; however, it is also true that even these gifts must actually confer to certain laws. In this case, decorative and applied art may be classified as one of the most important qualities of mankind, for it enables us to achieve endless sensual pleasures, and that it brings lofty satisfactions to men. In this case, applied art to decorative art is like child to man; wherein applied art subsumes itself with the laws of decorative art, but it transcends it by unifying thought and art with things that are useful to the everyday existence of man. The third article, written by H. Muthesius and H. van de Velde, focuses on the standardization of architecture. According to them, it is through the standardization of architecture where it will have universal significance. In this case, they outlined different points to illustrate why standardization in architecture is important. According to them, an unfailing good taste is actually brought about by standardization as understood in concentration. In addition, it is essential to have a universal high level of taste in order for their (German) works to have relevance abroad, and that the creation of a creative development is the most urgent task of their era. Speaking for the German association of artists, industrialists and merchants (Deutscher Werkbund), the authors emphasized that they are able to give meaningful exhibitions only when they are restricted to the best and most exemplary. The next article, written by Herman Muthesius, outlines the aims of the Deutscher Werkbund, the national association of artists, industrialists, and merchants in Germany. In this article, the author argues that it is important for their movement to undergo an artistic reform, a reform that focuses on improvement on the impression that their epoch consists that of a lack of cultur e. However, due to the funding of their movement, their works has already gained universal significance, which is an expression of their continued effort for cultural refinement and beauty. However, Muthesius also noted that their task does not end here, given that they must continue to refine their art and improve their technique. In addition, they must also strive to attain a high cultural achievement. Meanwhile, the article written by Josef Hoffmann and Koloman Moser talks about the evil of â€Å"shabby, mass produced goods,† especially in terms of how it has severely affected the way goods are made creatively. In this case, the authors actually argue that these errors will be corrected, in order for artists to regain a high degree of artistic creativity in their works. In this case, the author argues, that it is actually important to be able to establish an inner relationship between the public, the worker, and the designer; wherein guiding principles in their work would include utility, function, good proportions, and as well as the proper treatment of the respective materials used. In this case, they must not compete with cheap work, but rather set high artistic and creative

Theories supporting the role of hrm in emerging technologies Dissertation

Theories supporting the role of hrm in emerging technologies - Dissertation Example Institutional theory is somewhat akin to the role theory, which argues that individuals respond to normative pressures as they seek approval for their performance in socially defined roles (Chuler, Jackson and Luo, 2004, pp.15). Institutional theory likens organizations to the individual as they function as social entities that also look for legitimacy and social acceptance. Organizations, in this perspective, are expected to conform because this is the only way that they are recognized and approved – variables that support their survival in environments that have multiple constituencies that control their needed resources (Chuler, Jackson and Luo, pp.15). In applying the institutional theory, there are the cases of multinational corporations and the emergent internationalization of management. This theory is particularly significant in understanding the HRM practices of these organizations because of the view that socially constructed beliefs, rules and norms affect and exert influence over organizations and that, today, organizations (and their suborganizations) are under pressure to align their operations and adapt with their institutional environment (Stahl and Bjorkman, 2006, pp.463). Multinational companies are spread across locations with diverse environments. Institutional theory focuses on the variables that forces HRM practices to adapt to this condition. The institutional variables that exert influence over an organization and its employees come from the institutional factors both from the parent organization and the local environment in which its subsidiary operates. According to Stahl and Bjorkman (pp.465): In the local context, the labour laws and regulations restrict the range of possible HRM practices, local managers have taken-for-granted views about management practices that influences the policies and practices that they suggest for the subsidiary, strong local professional norms may exist, and processes of institutionalization might a lso take place among MNCs (multinational companies) in the local country. Hence, cultural-cognitive and normative institutional processes enfolding in the local context may play important roles in explaining HRM practices. Understandably, numerous studies that cite institutional theory and its relations with HRM practices were undertaken since the 1990s. The body of literature available today demonstrates how the theory supports the role and function of HR for modern organization. For instance, Walter Powell and Paul DiMaggio successfully demonstrated that organizations evolve because they are driven by coercive mechanisms, mimetic and normative forces. Their work argued that these pressures force organization to move to one direction, making them more alike in the process. On the other hand, Greenwood and Hinings used institutional theory to demonstrate the details that were lacking in Powell and DiMaggio’s work. Specifically, they addressed other variables such as the uniqu eness present in organizations as a result of diversity in interests as well as the role of human agency. What they were able to suggest was a condition wherein organizations are embedded in an institutional context. What this means is that institutional pressures such as organizational context, intra-organizational relationships and decision-making of individuals within the organization, makes change difficult. By proposing that organizations remove themselves from their respective institutional con

Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Rhetorical Analysis - Essay Example Looking beyond its main focus, I noticed the aesthetics of the image seemed to portray very boring features. In the background every color is a black, neutral white, or beige. The curtains to the left of the image have dark shadows and are grey and tan. The bed sheets and both pillows lying on the bed are a neutral white. The walls that surround the room are blank without any clocks or portraits. In the top right corner of the image the BMW logo is printed in white. The man and woman’s hair are dark brown. Even the bra that the woman wears is a simple black. Every color scheme of the ad makes it seem not so appealing. The only thing visually appealing on an aesthetic level about this ad is the picture of the BMW that is colored in red. The color red is very bold and is a color that most people will notice first and remember. The red car stands out on the page because every other image in the ad is colorless. This way the car becomes the main focus of the man in the ad as well as to someone who is looking at it. The balance of this image is centered. The man is at the top of the bed on top of the woman, and in the middle of the image. The text is also in the center of the image. This forces the viewers to absorb the image and text first before becoming aware of the BMW logo. This is because the image and text are the ads main focus. ... Though the room consists of dull colors it resembles a high-class lifestyle. The walls are spotless and the sheets are completely white and clean. The room environment suggests the man and woman are financially stable because they are not in a room filled with trash, dirty clothes, or any markings what so ever. It is extremely clean and modern. The sheets are not wrinkled, nor are there any visible stains. This image suggests the lifestyle of people who own BMWs and can resemble the marketers’ target audience. The target audience is to those men who can afford to buy an attractive luxury car. As I moved from its aesthetics and began to analyze the context of this image, I noticed heavy sexual connotations. The image is so vulgar that at a first glance, one might mistake it for an ad selling condoms. The ad shows an attractive man and what seems to be an attractive woman lying in bed. The man is wearing nothing from the waist up and the woman has on a tiny bra. The man is on to p of the woman while she lays perfectly strait underneath him. The fact that the man is on top of her suggests he is in a position of power. The image places men as the dominating sex. He then stares engagingly down at what would be the woman’s face. The woman wraps her hands around the man’s neck bringing him closer to her. Covering the woman’s face is a magazine with an image of a BMW. The ad then reads â€Å"The ultimate attraction† in plain font. The woman in the ad is only being used for her body. Covering her face while the man’s is shown suggests that the woman’s face is not of equal importance. Also because she does not show any effort to argue, the situation suggests that the woman is compliant and submissive. The image degrades women in the sense that it

Managing Energy Sources Essay Example for Free

Managing Energy Sources Essay In today’s world were the rate of world’s possessions is deteriorating quickly. There is far added pressure on the factory managers to construct merchandise in a technique that supply greatest management of energy. I would like to choose Motkamills for my module project, which happens to be a paper mill which specialises in producing laminating paper. I have chosen this particular industry because of the fact, pulp for making paper is extracted from the trees and this is one of the industries that need high monitoring to be energy efficient. Moreover they need to be environment friendly as eco-system needs to be in perfect balance for survival of humans. The use of energy monitoring and regulating process control systems can play a vital role in energy management and in reducing the demand of energy by this factory. These systems may include process such as sub-metering, monitoring, and control systems. They can drastically reduce the time required to perform complex tasks, often result in improved product quality and consistency of any particular and can optimize process operations. Figure adapted by an ISO publication. â€Å"Typically, energy and cost savings are around 5% or more for many industrial applications of process control systems. These savings apply to plants without updated process control systems; many pulp and paper mills may already have modern process control systems in place to improve energy efficiency† (Kramer, october 2009) . According to (Kramer, october 2009) increase energy savings further could be monetized by active energy monitoring teams and a through internal audit should be conducted by these teams. Specific energy savings and payback periods for overall adoption of energy monitoring and control systems vary greatly from plant to plant and company to company . A variety of process control systems are available for all kinds of industrial processes. Although energy management systems ideas are already widely spread in various industrial sectors, the performance of the systems can still be improved, which will help reduce costs. The energy saving process for 50 GPM of reclaimed water would roughly require about 100 to 200 square feet of common production space. Utility requirements would be compressed air. The estimate for total connected horsepower for the entire process would range from 15 to 20 HP. The operating and maintenance costs for this process would consist of electric power costs along with chemical purchases and maintenance costs. The water recycle process would have to be connected with and electrical load in the range of 15 to 20 horsepower. Based upon the number of times water recycled associated power requirements an annual cost of $7,500 would be incurred according to (O’Connor, October2006). The chemical consumption rates estimated from the test run of this process were found to be very repetitive. The annual cost for chemicals is based upon the experimental operation expenses extrapolated to an annual consumption rate. These costs are based upon the specific coagulant and flocculants needed for the pilot testing. The annual cost is approximated at $16,000. If the fibre is recovered or dewatered further for disposal and the chemical treatment costs may be discounted as they are approximately same as to the chemical requirements for the treatment of the fibre and fillers needed for the waste treatment plant or the recovery of fibre through alternate technologies. According to (O’Connor, October2006) the maintenance costs for the equipment are very hard to estimate. Other miscellaneous repairs would be required for parts such as pumps, valves and instruments. For simplicity these cost are assumed to be annual maintenance cost of 2.5% of the capital equipment cost. This cost would be about $5,000. The process is designed to be fully automated. Daily tested by the mill’s lab staff to ensure proper operation. The chemical and operating cost should be lower as well. There should be a benefit in recovering the thickened stock from this stream for reusing in the mill and its value should clearly offset the reduction on thermal savings of the factory due to the implementation of water recycling process. â€Å"The most important raw materials used in a paper mill are pulp fibre, water, and thermal and electrical energy. Reduction in the use of any or all of  these raw materials can have a significant, positive impact on the economics of paper production and a mill’s bottom line profitability. Numerous commercially available technologies are currently used throughout the paper industry for the recovery of fibre and clarified water from mill white water.† (Romaro, september 2006). Heat recovery systems could also be utilized for minimizing thermal and electrical energy use. Nevertheless, all of these technologies are subject to a number of things such as performance, energy, efficiency, and reliability inadequacies. It is considered impossible to produce economical high clarity, â€Å" thermally rich water that may be substituted for fresh make-up water that typically requires heating to process-operating temperature† (Romaro, september 2006) this means that you would have to incur additional cost to recycle water which in turn will make you economically inefficient . As a result, with these present technologies, paper mills waste large quantities of thermal and electrical energy and often lose their productivity due to lower than desired process operating temperatures, which they are unable to recover from significant portions of their process water, wastewater, and pulp fibre. Companies all over the world are extremely conscious of their carbon footprints. More over European Union has aimed to stick to the Kyoto protocol. â€Å"According to the burden-sharing agreement between EU Member States, Finland is committed under the Kyoto Protocol to bringing national average annual emissions down to their 1990 level in the 2008–2012 periods.† (Ojala, 4 feburay 2011). Currently Motkamills has three production unit in Finland, for this to take place they need to be energy efficient as we know that fuel costs make up a larger proportion of the costs in any given factories, being energy efficient will not only bring down the operating costs for the year of the factory but also provide room for sustainable development. Bibliography Kramer, M. a. X., october 2009. Energy Efficiency Improvement and cost saving Opportunities for the pulp and the paper industry, s.l.: BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY . O’Connor, K., October2006. ENERGY EFFICIENT PAPER MILL PROCESS WATER AND WASTED PROCESS WATER FILTRATION FOR HIGH CLARITY WATER FOR REUSE AND FIBER RECOVERY, s.l.: The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA). Ojala, J. a. C., 4 feburay 2011. Finland is implementing, s.l.: Ministry of the Environment, Finland. Romaro, B., september 2006. PROCESS WATER FILTRATION FOR HIGH CLARITY WATER, s.l.: NEW YORK STATE ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY .

Developing a Healthy Relationship after Abusive Relationship

Developing a Healthy Relationship after Abusive Relationship The available evidence in this review suggested that in (2003), it was projected 1.3 million females in the U. S. were targets of offensive relations (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003; National Institute of Justice, 2005; Tjaden Thoennes, 2000). Sources indicate that psychological health specialists play a serious part in the curative procedure after being in domestic violence relationships (Bryant, 2013). Based on this analysis, the examiner suggested that psychological health specialists must be prepared and experienced to move maltreated females from being sufferers to fighters learning to live a life without aggression (Graham-Bermann et al., 2009). For example, close contact occurs when individuals share significance or co-create appreciation, and can establish their behaviors to echo their combined significance (Blow, 2009). Blow, (2009) proposed that strong domestic affiliation support systems are significant to uphold ones mind. Taylor, (2016) proposed that communal backing is connected to excellent health and happiness in that it can be comprehended as being both precautionary and beneficial. The collected works demonstrates that surviving is a significant perception in accepting the connection between (IPV) occurrence and psychological wellbeing (Calvete et al., 2010; Krause et al., 2010; Lee, Pomeroy, Bohman, 2009). Current collected works shows that managing does not only affect the IPV, but also effects IPV fighters psychological wellbeing (Calvete et al., 2008; Krause et al., 2008; Lee et al., 2007; Clements Sawhney, 2000; Kocot Goodman, 2003). Many people wedged by DV (Humphreys, 2003) have been able to become strong and unwavering conducts in the face of very demanding surroundings (Linley Joseph, 2004), according to pliability investigations. As Per Warner (2004), he noted that struggling can be a kind of direction to help women as in resilience to help create a new free from aggression life story. The goal of this research is to listen to the females verbiage about their occurrences acquiring a wholesome connection. This research falls into the Capella program of research under the category of advocacy across the lifespan. The findings from this study can be used to advocate for battered women for more direct service, and intervention that can be recognized to help intimate partner or domestic violence survivors. Women survivors of abusive relationships learning to develop healthy relationships. SECTION 1.2 The examination collected works show that rates of (IPV) are above normal, and rates of individuals looking for help for their problems are below average (Flemming, 2016). Brosi, 2004; Hays et al., (2010) suggested that the available evidence seems to inform us that women that are being abused obtain various pressures such as developing self-assurance in a new relationship, surely it be with a male or female friends, or with a new counselor. What we do realize is that by directing DV fighters in assisting them to deal with their previous situation by joining treatment approaches to better help them comprehend the method, and occurrences of maltreated females. It will assist them to acquire other abilities, and viewpoints about themselves, and their establishing a locale for them to grow (Paulina, 2015). We understand that sufferers of forceful attacks may encounter disruptions in confidence and/or self-competence, as well as anxiety/evasion, emotional constriction, and sensual dysfunction (Koss, 2000). We also realize that Self-efficacy (Bandura, 1977; 1982) in abused females have a tendency to be important to females willingness for change. Also, Tirone, (2014) proposed that empowerment in an planning of getting unique provisions, and feelings of self-efficacy, can assist females in noticing more the assessment of their unmannerly association. Presently, lack of research exists that may help to explain how some female survivors succeed after being through the turmoil of domestic violence while other women struggle with getting out of the relationship (Lerne, 2008). Though numerous examiners are predisposed to explore the undesireable results of forceful associations, a small number have acknowledged how this knowledge might have interested the crucial optimistic alteration or development (Young, 2007). According to Allen Wozniak, (2010) what seems to be missing in the investigation is the sympathetic method of what happens after a person exits an unmannerly association, and in what approach they develop a harmless, non-forceful, and eloquent existence. According to McDonald, (2013) states what is seems to be overlooking is on the outcome of times that has gone by of agression or mistreatment has on other parts of females lives, such as associations, their vision of themself and how they monitor their lives or additional years after parting. (Section 2.1) Women survivors of abusive relationships learning to develop healthy relationships. DV against females is characterized as Intimate partner violence (IPV) which is both a human privileges matter and is an importance of general security concern that (IPV) is the most devastating sort of sexual emphasis based unkindness (Fagan, 2010). The 2013 Global Burden of Disease Study assesses that 30% of women age 15 or over have come across a bodily or sexual (IPV) for the length of their lives (Owusu et al., 2016). The IPV, adds to numerous unfavorable dealings for the sufferer such as despair, disrubtive behavior, feelings that there is nothing to live for especially in females, nervousness, low sense of worth, incapabile to confide in others, especially in persomal associations, fear of intimacy, and signs of post-traumatic stress disorder (Bergen, 1996; Roberts, Klein, and Fisher, 2003). Cognitive Trauma therapy for Battered Women according to Kubany, Hill,Owens,2008) reported that the treatment of (CTTBW) is considered to use for women who have PTSD linked to IVP ,and that are no longer involved with the abuse partner. Survivors of domestic abuse have a history of maltreatment, and are frequently out of touch with their needs that are powerless to express, and are unable to ask for their needs to be met. Existing studies shows that therapists that treat individuals of DV is their duty to confirm that they are empathetic of the abuse dynamic forces and the impression of the long-term negative effects these have on the survivor (Sanderson,2009). Supporting evidence have showed that women who have experienced IPV pull on from different protective resources to develop resilience (Perez et al.,2012). For, instance, among certain womens spirituality has been known as an important protective portion for them who have experienced abuse. Furthermore, Gillette, De la Rosa, (2010). Proposed that positive religious coping has a connection with positive mental health, including greater happiness, quality of liveliness, and psychological well-being Avele at all., 2006; Lee, 2007; Harris et al., 2008). Linley Joseph (2004) reported that resilience studies showed that for some individuals in any which way of ongoing, highly stressful environments, generally those impacted by domestic violence can get into heathy and stable behaviors. Bearing in mind with couples treatment in (IVP) the crucial voices and ends should do with (1) aquiring ideas of positive and agression-free associations (2) evaluating love, compromise, and wedded contentment; (3) learning to develop faith and re-establishing well-being (Stith et al., 2005); and (4) the use of a met discussion, i.e., discussion among the therapists in the direction of the couple (Cooper Vetere, 2005; Stith et al., 2005). Coker et al (2009) suggested that around half of DV get into proper services, mainly crisis hotlines, emergency DV shelters, and community-based programs which offer services from safety planning, counseling, and peer support groups to job search support and housing assistance. Sanders, (2010) reported that once the survivor rejoin they can commence the renew of their lives in the direction they are in control of. Furthermore, as they feel more associated they will begin to start new friendships, increased social support relationships in the knowledge that can set healthy boundaries against future abuse or manipulation. Prior examinations has founded that women fighters of DV have connected resiliency effects that have allowed them to overthrow the undesireable effects of domestic violence. (Vanbreada, 2001; young 2007; Weiner, Wilson 2009). For instance, a few studies have suggested that some associations among defensive influences in the procedure of pliability, such as using treatment will intensify the control to enlarge the social assistance system (Senter Caldwell, 2002; Smith, 2003). (Section 2.2) How do women survivors who have been in an abusive relationship describes their experiences of developing a healthy relationship with a male partner? Define Terms: Women fighters are females who have produced a selection to be conscious from being easy targets. Representatives of individual change who are more in control of their lifetimes (Mercy, 2001). Unmannerly relations (Mercy, Zwi, and Lozano, 2002) defined as heartlessness as they consider explanation behind physical pressure or control, crippled, against oneself, another individual, or against a social affair or gathering, that has a high likelihood of achieving harm, demise, mental harm, maldevelopment or hardship (p. 5). Healthy relationship definitions. Honesty -When a dating companion that lies, it demands time to build that trust in him or her. Honesty builds trust and strengthens the relationship (Debnam, 2014). Respect implies that every individual value who the other is comprehends the other individuals limits (Debnam, 2014). Self-Confidence -When dating partners have trust in themselves, it can support their associations with others. It demonstrates they are quiet and appropriately friendly to permit others to express their beliefs without compelling their own sentiments on them (Debnam, 2014). Section 2.3 The aim of this qualitative research study is to answer the research question: How women survivors who have been in an abusive relationship describes their experiences of developing a healthy relationship with a male partner. Within this study, the research will address how the female fighters who have been in an unmannerly associations explains their occurrences of developing a healthy association with a male companion. By doing so the present study will demonstrate how these adult females will learn how to healthy relationships. As, per Buchlinder Eric, (2005) suggested that mental health professionals are to help women move toward an insightful position regarding the impact of their psychological emotional, verbal abuse in their lifetimes. By empowering women and reinforcing to them that it is not their fault, dismissing the insult, and granting them the tools to help themselves can be part of the answer to this social and wellness issues (Carretta, 2008). Section 2.4 The qualitative research will be given to the phenomenology approach because it was developed in psychology, and it will intend to explore the world live experience of people (Creswell, 2013). The qualitative research is a kind of review to considering an individual familiarity, connections, and conduct patterns. It follows to explain, and translate the style of an individuals conduct, and incentive (Bursztyn, 2016). Consequently, this examination will assume, and define the women survivors of DVs understandings of the inquiries partakers in a detailed setting, and document information from partakers in their own languages (Ponterotto, 2005). Creswell, (2013) reported that phenomenology describes the effect of life experiences for people holding an actual phenomenon or notion. Furthermore, the phenomenology is the scientific study of the presence of things, of phenomena just as researchers examine them in their knowledge, and does not worry itself with issues of fact, but seeks to uncover meanings of the phenomena being considered (Creswell, 2013). The phenomenological study offers the way for people to talk about their experiences in their own terminology (Creswell, 2009; Patton, 2002). The experience from the women survivors of abusive relationships establishing healthy relationships will be discovered from their own spokespeople. The aim of the phenomenological study is to achieve information that provides a point of view on how a collection of individuals undergo the experiences of a phenomena or idea (Creswell, 2009). However, IPA originates from the phenomenological tradition, and the focus of research is therefore on investigating topics or objects as they are represented in and perceived by the participant Iversen, 2012. Smith Osborn, (2003) suggested that the using the descriptive IPA is to examine how individuals make significance of their private realm, and has its phenomenology, hermeneutics, and ideography. Moustakas, (2006) suggested that existed understanding is not something that can be calculated or measured and many instances a phenomenological investigator has curiosity or motives for wanting to study the lived knowledge (Creswell, 2013). Section 3.1 The latest examination will add to the methodical by comprising the female fighters of DVs familiarity to womens feminist theory in that it will shed light on the style in which ladies and men have been associated in the United States (Hunnicutt, 2009). The DV field is the foundation of womens rights, and liberation. The focal example of intermediation was women fighters helping other fighters (Berry, 2002; Wilson, 1997). Melzer, (2002) suggested that the noteworthy idea of feminist theory is to stack the lack of sexual category struggles and its reviews of their knowledges, awareness, and communal gatherings of mature females. The feminists understanding of encouragement of females is as the most effective way to deal with man to woman violence behavior (Forgey, 2006). This present study will add to the scientific information base of addressing and recognizing the familiarities of female survivors who have been in a rude association telling their history of developing healthy relationships by applying empowerment-building models which are suitable and very much needed in the social and behavioral science field intervention with disempowered females who are sufferers and fighters of DV. Section 3.3 The applied insinuations of this research will help with distributions of services, for example research proposes the significance of service delivery upholding its feminist gender-based model, as it creates better results for women (Abrahams Bruns, 1998; Goodman Epstein, 2008; Weisz, 1999; Zweig Burt, 2006, 2007). The stakeholders that will be absorbed in the examination info regarding female fighters who have been in an unmannerly association explain their occurrences of developing healthy associations. studies have shown better results from the feminist gender based model. The feminist gender-based model accepts that battered females are intellectual gifted females who need a harmless place to live while working on refining their condition and gaining from plans offered by their shelter if they choose (Lehrner Allen, 2009). The outcomes from this study will benefit stakeholders by adding to the knowledge base and advance study. The examination outcomes will be suitable for pro gram campaigners, communal essential resources, and politicians to raise funds, and bring awareness for more services. Section 4.1 The phenomenology examines the independencies lived settings, and everyone has their exact practicality; realism is individual (Creswell, 2013). Phenomenology focus on the inner core of experience. Likewise, it seeks individuals who are willing to express feelings, and experiences (Creswell,2013). The phenomenological style is positioned in a model of individual learning and bias, and focus the individual point of view, and interpretation (VanScoy, 2015). The phenomenology approach agrees for analyzing information in an investigation of women who been in an abusive relationship describing their experiences in growing sound relationships. As per Wertz, (2005) recommended that the phenomenological attitude needs to be empathic as such the researcher strives to give his or her own world behind and join through the written description, into the situations of the participants. Van Scoy, (2015) further proposed that IPA provides an additional approach to research wanting to implement a phenomenological approach. It is like other phenomenological approach in its basic point on understanding experiences from the members view. Though, its sole focus is on the individuals experiences of a phenomenon The IPA continue from a purposive homogeneous model and is the most common data collection technique using semi-structured interview Smith, (2016). The key system used in this study to collect data in IPA studies is semi-structured consultations (Smith et al., 2009, p. 56). Brocki and Wearden (2006) proposed that some disimiliar tactics are infrequently used, for instance, journals, field notes, and email consultations (pp. 92-94); in any case, the distinctive greater part of IPA research depend on data from in-person consultations. The choice to use the semi-organized consultation as the only foundation of information for the assessment mirrors (IPAs) value of the members conversion of the occurrence under review. As Smith, et al. (2009) clarified, members ought to have been allowed a chance to recount their stories, to talk openly and brilliantly, and to build up their thoughts and express their worries at some length (p. 5). IPA consultations emphasize on a preparation of specific reviews yet to take into thought flexibility in adopting up on answers mentioned in reactions to the given inquiries. Smith et al. (2009) prepared six to ten open-finished questions that include a variety of sorts: account, illustrative, basic, differentiate, evaluative, round, and similar (p. 58). How women survivors who have been in an abusive relationship describes their experiences of developing healthy relationship Characteristics: The larger population from which the sample will be drawn are from women from different cultural backgrounds . The area where this research will take place is in the Bronx, New York. The sample for this study will be selected from the population of diverse ages females coming from different backgrounds ages 27-60 who identify as survivors of domestic violence. The phenomenological sampling works well when the individual studied represents people who have perceived with the same phenomenon (Creswell, 2013, page 155). The sampling design: The testing strategy utilize will be nonprobability sampling. Non-probability practices any sampling technique which the chance of a person being chosen into the sample that is unknown (Creswell, 2013). The sampling strategy utilize will be nonprobability sampling, and the performance is purposive. As such this sampling has a purpose in mind in that there is something close to the possibility participations you want to know about (Creswell, 2013). This design is of useS for this research since it entails an understanding to the process of women healing after being in an abusive relationship. Likewise, the purposive sampling tactics are well-thought-out to increase the apprehension of the chosen individuals or group experiences and the role of advancing their thoughts, and ideas (Creswell, 2013). Population is women ages between 27 to 60. Inclusion criteria Females ages from 30 to 60 years old. Gender diversity Exclusion Criteria Potential participants that have been in healthy relationship for at least 4 years prior to the research.Has been diagnosed with a mental health issue. Section 4.3 Creswell, (2015) highlighted that one must first get approval from university or college institutional as well as individuals at the research site. Then the study will be within groups participating in therapy for (DV) and through social media advertising to women in healthy relationships, with the approval and permission of the administration staff and on a voluntary basis. Legerski Bunnell, (2010) noted that confidentiality plays a major part in protecting individuals in the research procedure. Informed consent written will converse confidentially about the research, and the protection of the research participants. All interview data collected will be coded statistically, and no names will be recorded to protect confidentiality. Research electronic data will be stored on a translated drive and any paper documents will be secured in a locked file cabinet at the researchers site. The data will be saved for several years. The drive will be destroyed, and the paper documents will be shredded. Moreover, making sure all the participants are protected throughout this inquiry. The Belmont Report will be adhering to protect all the participants by using the following ethical principles e, (a) respect for persons, (b) beneficence, and (c) justice. Respect for persons requires recognition that people are autonomous agents and that those who may have reduced autonomy must be protected. Beneficence requires that researchers do no harm, while make the most of the possible benefits and minimizing possible harms. The rule of justice indicates that people should be treated equally (Goodie, 2013). The following description will be talking about protecting the research participants involve in this arena as a necessity to ensure every one of the members in this study will be ensured by applying the moral standards as per the (Economic and Social Research Council rules 2006). Protecting human participants with informed consent at the start of the research, therefore, all the participants involved will be handed to them an inform consent that will talk about confidentiality before the inquiry commences. Also, participants are told the conditions they will encounter, and are given the freedom to accept or decline participation (IIgen, 2001). Therefore, the informedconsent process will be handmade to address each individual need in the research, and differences to help ensure thSat they are protected Sas well as the researcher in this study. Lastly from the beginning of the study researchers at no time when collecting consent forms for this study should leave. Likewise, researcher should not force participants to sign the inform consent (Creswell, 2014). Section.5.1 First, the research staff will need to assemble a team to create an outreach support social media site such as Facebook, and or twitter where they can connect with our staff. The research team can also create pamphlets flyers with the researchers contact information as well as a schedule of conference call or Skype times to be placed at local hospitals, clinics, librarys adult section, and school offices. Second, once the researcher establishes a clientele list the researcher should negotiate a local location where the researcher can meet with individuals for a face to face setting where the researcher will give the client the proper materials to sign advising the information given may be subjected to research teams for further use in studies. Once the researcher gets approval from the administrator of the social media site, and manager of the location that they will use for one on one interview the researcher should submit those letters of approval to Capella for review. Creswell, (2015), states that qualitative research involves the work of a research site (s), and gaining permission to read the site in a manner that will enable the easy accumulation of data. Recruitment: Recruitment will be done by phone contact from individuals responding to flyers that were distributed, and from repliers on the social media websites. Flyers would have already been distributed; social websites would have already been created, and left open for anyone to join if they met the criteria. Also, the location to be used for interviews should be added to all distribution whether by flyer or social media sites. Once participants reach out to our researchers screening process will begin. Screening questions: Are you between ages 27 60 Have you been in a stable relationship within the last 4 years Potential participants can contact the researcher by phone or email. This information is listed on all recruitment documents. The researcher will collect the name, phone number and email addresses of the potential research participants when they respond to flyer or any social media site discussed above. (Section 5.2) Steps to obtain data information collected will lead off by setting up a scheduled one on one consultation either in the office, and or in a local group therapy office to gather the necessary information to begin the research study. The researcher will contact the potential participants by phone or email the contact information they provided to schedule the interview and discuss interview details. In the meantime, when all the participants have been screened interview scheduling will get going for those who fulfill the prerequisites. Prior to accumulating the necessary information, a signed consent form should be reviewed then signed by the participant with the clear understanding that all the information collected may, and will be reviewed by other qualified members or professionals to help resolve any participants issues. The participants will then be given the location of the interview. Each participant will be interviewed separately, so that secrecy can be maintained. One hour semi-structured interviews will be scheduled. (Section 5.3) How women survivors who have been in an abusive relationship describes their experiences of developing healthy relationship Gathering these descriptions can be worked in several ways, of which face-to-face interviews are the most common. The face to face interview will be taken place local therapy officewith permission of the IRB, and the administrative staff . The rationality behind these questions is to try to get the individual to try to explain their feelings of overcoming their past experiences to help them cope, and allow them to move on with their lives and the hope of beginning new and successful relationships. Do you think it would be difficult to start a new relationship after having been in an abusive relationship? In what ways? Rational- To get a better understanding how she is dealing with her trust issues. Since your last relationship, how would you describe any difficulties you have had in trying to begin a new relationship ? Rational- What has gone well. Can you describe what is like when you interact with a male in a social environment who interest you? Rational- The rationale behind this question if she is ready to establish a solid relationship. Describe for me the process youve experienced in building a new relationship with a male after dealing with all the emotional, verbal, and or physical abused you endured in a previous relationship? Rational The rationale behind this question to understand is trust is a major issue. What would be the warning signs, and what steps would you take if you ever found yourself in an abusive relationship again? Rational- To be able to understand if she has evaluated how she wants things to be different in her life, and if she has awareness of how an abusive relationship may begin in small ways. How would you describe a healthy relationship you feel you now have, or would hope to have in the future? Rationale: To be able to recognize if she is aware of the signs of being in a healthy relationship. (Section.5.4) The qualitative research step by step guide to data analysis. Creswell, (2013) highlighted that the data is sensitive of the qualitative analysis, and are generated by interviews as the participants talk about and think along the phenomenon from their subjective views. Wertz, F.J. (2005) endorsed that the phenomenological analysis starts by focusing on the situations preceding to trying general knowledge. This researcher will utilize as per Smith, Osborn, (2007) a step by step approach sketched of the (IPA) in this study. First, during the interview the researcher will be asked questions, listening, and recording the research participant. The following step by step by (Smith, Osborn 2007). First the (IPA) phenomenological researcher can listen and transcribe verbal descriptions and interviews. Read the complete transcription to understand the general the process Continue to read the transcription using the left margin to the note any interesting or noteworthy things the co-researcher alleged Read again the transcription again, using the right margin to begin to organize evolving themes Join the themes by looking at links between them; gathering on a separate sheet. Associate on bunching the original transcript to guarantee correct wording Generate grouped themes to create superordinate themes and link in key words and page numbers of transcripts. Overall finish the same process with all transcriptions of co-researchers. One could notify other transcripts of the superordinate list from the first transcript. Finally generate column of superordinate themes. Researcher then arranges and reduces data to focus on themes. Lastly, translate themes into a narrative write up; explaining and showing them by quotations. (Section 5.5) This scholar has not had any previous data collection or research experience, but has learned about research through the research courses for the masters course of study human behavior. As such the qualitative phenomenological method, will be studied to develop skills as a qualitative researcher. This scholar has not had any previous data collection or research experience, but has learned about research through the research courses for the masters course of study human behavior. As such the qualitative phenomenological method, will be studied to develop skills as a qualitative researcher. In the past I have discussed the issues of domestic violence with friends who have experienced this problem in their own relationships, in some situations, I have noticed that certain instances have been rather serious, and I had to recommend that they sought out legal services to help to rectify their problems. In my own personal life during my teen years I have been known to choose the wrong type of male to become associated with. In my opinion I felt like that was due to not having a father figure in my life to guide me when i

Individualistic and Traditionalistic Cultures in Texas Essay -- Politi

Texas is an intricate state with deep roots embedded in limited government authority. Almost all, Texans, favor the limited government between citizens and state. The two most important cultures in Texas are individualistic and traditionalistic culture. Individualistic views are summoned by limited government and that politics are the root of malicious acts, and is usually responded with negative reactions from the community. The individualistic cultures’ vision is egotistical for ones self-interest. The individualistic culture is viewed as priority in private independent business rather that those of the community as a whole. Unlike individualistic views, traditionalistic culture is motioned by conservatism. This cultures vision is supported by the common wealth of society’s privileged. Its beliefs are usually of distrust in its bureaucracy. Traditionalistic culture maintains an obligation to its family hierarchy. The traditionalistic subculture has a lower vo ting turn out rate compared to the opposition. These distinctive cultures were bestowed upon Texans in the 1800’s, when Texas was changing into a diverse and demographically society. Individualistic and traditionalistic cultures are the outline of ideology and certainty to the way Texas government is administrated. This has a huge impact on the way the Texas structures its government and why people support such a structure. And Texas is viewed as both subcultures. Individualistic subculture was based out of the â€Å"Middle East Atlantic states (Elazar)† and migrated towards the west in hopes of establishing a limited government course and eventually settling in Texas. Texas is a prominent state that stays true to its strict views about reduced government. So it i... ...neth M. Goldstein, and William G. Howell. "Chapter 20 The Social and Economic Milieu of Texas Poltics." Understanding American Politics and Government. Texas ed. New York: Longman, 2010. 690-93. Print. Elazar, Daniel. "Explaining Policy Differences Using Political Culture." Reading. West Texas A&M University. Political Culture Handout. Dr. Dave Rausch, Teel Bivins Professor of Political Science. Web. 23 Mar. 2011. Newell, Charldean. "Inflexibility, Traditionalism, and Partisanship: The Texas Response to New Federalism." Review. Annual Review of American Federalism 12 (1981 (1983): 185-95. Publius. Oxford University Press. Web. 23 Mar. 2011. "Texas Politics - Texas Political Culture." Welcome to Texas Politics. University of Texas at Austin, 2011. Web. 15 Mar. 2011. .

Fate Playing a Role :: English Literature Essays

Fate Playing a Role The Way Fate Plays a Role in the Characters of Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet and Macbeth There are many definitions for the word fate. The definition of the word fate in the New Webster’s Dictionary is a power that supposedly predetermines events. Also fate means something that is unavoidable. It is meant to happen and cannot be changed. According to Shalvia, the tragic story of Romeo and Juliet has a sense of cruel fate in it. (510). In Shakespeare's Macbeth and Romeo and Juliet, fate plays an important role in the lives of many of the characters in the story. One site of fate in Romeo and Juliet is when Romeo finds out that Rosaline has sworn never to marry. This hurts Romeo a lot and he suffers. Then Romeo is told to go to the Capulet’s house for a party by a clown. Many times in the play the two families have to confront each other in situations. Their first encounter that is seen in the play is after the prince has come to stop the chaos on the streets after being told of the quarrels going between the two families. The two families pay for their quarreling at the end of the story. (Shakespeare â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† 31) Even though the families are fighting, Romeo happens to be invited to the party at the house of the enemy. This is nothing but pure fate. Benvolio tells Romeo to find a different girl and forget Rosaline. Benvolio tells Romeo this to convince him to go to the party: At this same ancient feast of Capulet’s sups the fair Rosaline, whom thou so loves, with all the admired beauties of Verona. Go there and with unattainted eye compare her face with some that I show, and I will make thee think thy swan a crow. (Shakespeare â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† 46) In the quote Benvolio is trying to tell Romeo that there will be other beautiful girls at the party that he can compare their looks with Rosaline’s and he says that Romeo will realize there are better girls than Rosaline in the world. Romeo ends up going to the party and seeing Juliet, which is also fated. Romeo could have fallen in love with any girl at the party. But would the other girl have died for him and made the story meaningful like it is.

Colonialism and Dependence Essay -- essays research papers

Colonialism and Dependence In "Imperialism, the Highest State of Capitalism", Lenin warned, in refuting Kautsky, that the domination of finance capital not only does not lessen the inequalities and contradictions present in the world economy, but on the contrary accentuates them. Time has passed and proven him right. The inequalities have become sharper. Historical research has shown that the distance that separated the standard of living in the wealthy countries from that of the poor countries toward the middle of the nineteenth century was much smaller than the distance that separates them today. The gap has widened. In 1850 the per capita income in the industrialized countries was 50 per cent higher than in the underdeveloped countries. To have an idea of the progress that has been achieved in the DEVELOPMENT OF INEQUALITY, we have only to listen to President Richard Nixon: "...and I think about what this hemisphere, the new world, will be like at the end of this century. And I consider that if the present growth rates of the United States and the rest of the hemisphere have not changed, at the end of this century the per capita income in the United States will be 15 times higher than the income per person of our friends, our neighbors, the members of our family in the rest of the Hemisphere."(1) The oppressed nations will have to grow much more rapidly just to MAINTAIN their relative backwardness. Their present low rates of development feed the dynamic of inequality: the oppressor nations are becoming increasingly rich in absolute terms, but they are richer still in relative terms. The overall strength of the imperialist system rests on the necessary inequality of its component parts, and that inequality is achieving ever greater proportions. Capitalism is still capitalism, and unequal development and widespread poverty are still its visible fruits. "Centralized" capitalism can afford the luxury of creating and believing its own myths of opulence, but myths cannot be eaten, and the poor nations that constitute the vast capitalist "periphery" are well aware of this fact. Imperialism has "modernized" itself in its methods and characteristics, but it has not magically turned into a universal philanthropic organisation. The system's greed grows with the system itself. Nowadays imperialism does not req... ... the consumer market, which is increasingly attracted by U.S. advertising, to channel national savings and the economic surplus produced by our countries, to use advertising and the various other ways of creating public opinion, and, also, to exert that political pressure required by imperialism's digestive needs. The new type of imperialism does not make its colonies more prosperous, even though it enriches its "enclaves"; it does not alleviate social tensions, but on the contrary sharpens them; it extends poverty and concentrates wealth; it takes over the internal market and the key parts of the productive apparatus; it appropriates progress for itself, determines its direction, and fixes its limits; it absorbs credit and directs foreign trade as it pleases; it does not provide capital for development, but instead removes it; it encourages waste by sending the greatest part of the economic surplus abroad; it denationalizes our industry and also the profits that our industry produces. Today in Latin America the system has our veins as open as it did in those distant times when our blood first served the needs of primary accumulation for European capitalist development.

Black Women Essay

The act of resistance and defiance is one of the most used human reactions that we as Americans often use this to express ourselves in society today. These reactions are also used when some one fee3ls that they are being treated unfairly or in an unjust manner. America is supposed to be a land of equal value and opportunity when it comes to being human. Obviously this is not the way that things are in society today but things were a lot worse off not so long ago. From the late eighteenth century up until now a struggle for equality has been being fought by women, especially the black woman. Now it may sound funny to talk about equality and then turn around and identify a specific group of women. There is I think good reason to acknowledge this difference, this being that this particular group of women has been the most outspoken and influential group of women during this power struggle. I can explain this be saying that the black Black women had to pout up with one: being black from the times of slavery in which blacks were treated as less than human, and two: they are in fact women whom had no respect in society and are still looked at as inferior to the male in today’s society. So the Black woman has had to endure double the hard ships throughout their struggle in America. They fought this battle with resistance by means of resiliency they as a collective group have refuses to accept unjust unequal treatment. As I progressed through our class I realized that there are many different methods of resisting and refusing to accept things for the way they are. One of the most effective methods that women in general have used over the years is writing. Writing in itself is so expressive if ones feelings and opinions, and women have used this method to educate and relate to all audience and social classes. Black women have provided us with a plethora of different genres of writing from the slave narrative to books that specialize in educating the black woman of today’s society they are all effective and critical mechanisms used by the Black woman and culture in society today. So the Black woman has the ability evolve and adapt to the different requirement of society today all of this in the black woman’s psyche and is instilled in her from child birth. One of the most influential characters involved in this molding of thought process of the black child is the Black mother. From my personal experience and from my knowledge gathered from the readings and lectures the black mother is the greatest form of resiliency and positive voice that I can identify. A mother in general is a nurturing person that has the task of raising a child and making sure that the child grows up learning right form wrong. The black mother is this, but there is another el3ement that she has that other mother’s do not the kids that she is raising and teaching are Black children. Therefore she has to be strong for them and teach them outside the American norm because they are in fact not looked at as belonging to this norm. my mother instilled in me and my brothers the fact that we were Black men and that we were always to be proud of that, my mothers favorite thing to say is â€Å"Boy don’t let no body walk over you† this was often the advice that she gave me as a child I used to think of it as â€Å"wow mama why you so confrontational? † but as I got older I understood that that is how she operated all the time in today’s society as a black woman day by day she is constantly tried by numerous things but she refuses to be broken down by any thing. I also recognized this in Dust tracks on a road, not only in the book but also in the writing itself. Zoras mama’s dialogue throughout the story is represented as a strong woman that takes care of her family and keeps things in order. That is the role of the black mother in today’s society also except in our society today the black mother also active in the work force and not just a stay at home mother adding another task to their agenda. As far as the dialogue in the story it was written exactly as they talked back then. This is because for so long the black woman was silenced and forced to talk and behave in a manner that was not their own. This form of writing is clearly an act of resilience because of the simple fact that they are writing in a form that they were told was unaccepted and not civilized. This form of writing says that â€Å"this is how we as a people used to talk and we are proud of it†, people often look down upon the African American vernacular of that time but it was the result of learning a new language second and third and illiteracy in which both these were factors of oppression that were resisted and defied by our people. In today’s society there are similarities to this they can be found inside the school systems. The schools that are in dominantly minority areas are neglected financially and also under staffed this causes students to not learn exactly what they should be learning to be successful. To over come this there are a lot more Black woman teachers that see that this is not where we want our children to go and that a change is needed. They can also relate to black students and educate those outside our race or those who do not understand the struggle and what has come from it. In my experiences a good Black woman teacher acts as a kind of mama away from home for students and a positive female figure for young female students. Over all I can say that this course was really enlightening as far as acknowledging the Black woman I have always thought that most black woman of today’s society were strong and goal oriented but I have never really sat back and thought about why and where this extremely strong sense of self originated. Black woman have endured and persevered for years in America from days of slavery and Harriet Tubman to the civil right movement and Rosa Parks the Black woman has develop[ed an attitude of refusing to accept meritocracy and unjust treatment seeing this has helped me to understand that is where the black woman’s sense of resiliency comes from today.

Lab- a/P Classification of Body Membranes

Classification of Body Membranes Laszlo Vass, Ed. D. Version 42-0010-00-01 Lab repOrt assistant This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students’ writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor. Purpose What is the purpose of this exercise? ?Are there any safety concerns associated with this exercise? If so, list what they are and what precautions should be taken. Exercise 1: The Microscopic Structure of Cutaneous Membranes ObservatiOns Sketch your observations from the microscope slide in the lab report assistant. Indicate the keratinized layer on the sketch and describe the observed structures and cells. QuestiOns A. What is keratin? B. Why is the skin keratinized?Exercise 2: The Microscopic Structure of Mucous Membranes ObservatiOns Draw and describe the structures you observed of the following slides: A. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium of the trachea B. Stratified squamous epithelium (non-keratinized) of the esophagus C. Simple columnar epithelium (duodenum) of the small intestine QuestiOns A. Compare and contrast the roles of the three mucous membranes. B. What is the role of mucous in the body?Exercise 3: Observing Synovial Membrane ObservatiOns | Data Table 1: Observing Synovial Membrane |Tissue Types (epithelial/ |Membrane |connective) |Common Location |Functions |Cutaneous |Mucous | Serous |Synovial | QuestiOns A. What i s the function of the synovial membrane? B. Rheumatoid arthritis results in part from an infection and immune response in the synovial membrane. What effect does this have on the ability of this membrane to carry out its functions? C. Complete Data Table 1 under observations.Conclusion Research pleurisy, peritonitis, and pericarditis. What are these conditions and how do they affect homeostasis in the body?Experiment ClassifiCation of Body MeMBranes 86 Â ©Hands-On Labs, Inc. www. LabPaq. com

Art History Nike of Samothrace

â€Å"Nike of Samothrace† was sculpted in second century AD during the hellenistic culture. This 8ft high sculpture was found on an island called Samothrace, north of the Aegean, and though beautifully carved, the artist is not known. It was discovered at a sanctuary in a harbor that faced the predominate wind. It was as if the wind was blowing directly on the sculpture itself. The Nike was made to act like a figure head on the prow of a ship, and though it never really was on a ship, it was the bow of a stone ship in a temple like building.The â€Å"Nike of Samothrace† is greatly appreciated because of the strong force of motion, and realistic qualities, as well as its symbolic references to the Greek culture. The Greeks period has come a long way when we look at the way the Archaic/Egyptian period and Hellenistic period carved and shaped people. The Archaic and Egyptians sculpted people and clothes flat and simple. Their bodies did not twist very much and were pretty straight. The clothes on the people were basically just lines, or slits in the stone, and was not really realistic.Comparing this to the way the Hellenistic period carved their people, they used a lot of motion and movement. There people twisted in different directions as they would in real life, and their clothes were deeply carved and looked very real. The â€Å"Nike of Samothrace† was carved out of marble, and accurately shows texture in the wings, and the folds in the cloth. The Greek culture had studied and celebrated the body and they used their knowledge to show expressive forces in their art. They used hammers and chisels to create beautiful, realistic flows on the stone, and made it look like it was actually moving.The â€Å"Nike of Samothrace† is a carving beautiful, voluptuous woman in a flowing dress with two large wings out stretched behind her. This statue had lost her head and arms, but is still recognizable as the Nike of victory. Her body movements and intricate detail of her tunic is very dramatic as she seems to walk gracefully in a storm. The Nike was to be on the prow of a ship in the ocean, and that is strongly seen by the movement of her dress. You can practically see the strong winds whipping around her body as her skirt is blown behind and around her.The drapery is very graceful and strong as it is pulled in the direction of her body and one can practically see the energy in her movements. Her body is grounded by her legs as she strides forward. Her abdomen twists slightly as if finding balance in the wind, and her wings are aloft behind her as if she just landed in from a fierce headwind. The sheer chiton that she is wearing clings to her body as if it is wet from a hefty sea spray, billowing in the wind. Her body is proportionate, and accurately depicts the perfect body scale of a Greek goddess.The texture in her wings, and the fabric of her garment are very life-like and pick up light in their deep groves to make it lo ok more dramatic. The artist shows how he is able to carve the female body, portray realistic cloth, and convey victory and power in this statue. It is believable and relatable to the average person because of the stance in the body and the way the a strong wind would really blow around your clothes. The Nike of Victory has been resembled before in Greek art. This goddess represented the victory over war and contests. Therefore, it was shown on Greek coins, temples, and other important objects.The Nike of Victory is seen again in the carving â€Å"Nike Adjusting her Sandal† on the Temple of Athena. This Winged Nike leans down to adjust her sandal as her chiton slid off her shoulder. Similarly to the â€Å"Nike of Samothrace†, the â€Å"Nike Adjusting her Sandal† has large wings to balance her pose and decorative swirls of heavy pleated fabric that clings to her body. She appears to be delicate and light just as the â€Å"Nike of Samothrace†. The Nike of V ictory is seen with wings, intricately carved fabric, and with the scale of the â€Å"perfect body† it shows divinity and creates something that would be desired.She also was the messenger that spreads the news of victory, and that is something that Greeks hold in high regards and were always trying to obtain. The dramatic feel to the â€Å"Nike of Samothrace† brings out fierce emotions and give the onlooker the sense of accomplishment and encouragement. It conveys many emotions as it stands tall and strong. It's formate of the â€Å"perfect female body† and the precise folds of the cloth in motion, relates almost exactly to the style of the three goddess on the Parthenon frieze.However, the three goddesses appear to have just woken up from a relaxing sleep. They are calm and quiet and reveal the restful attitude of mellow goddess on Mt. Olympus. When looking at them you feel serene and peaceful, getting the calm feel of life as a god. The â€Å"Nike of Samothr ace† is obviously very different in that aspect. This goddess is ready to go to war as her stance is fierce and ready for anything. The goddess is responding to energy and natural forces whereas the Parthenon frieze goddesses are tranquil, composed, and o not seem to be worrying about much at all. The Statue of â€Å"Laocoon† is a carving of Laocoon and his sons struggling against large sea serpents trying to destroy them. You can clearly see the force of motion being pulled in many different directions. With their legs pushing one way, and their arms pulling another, and then with his head cocked back, you can se the different directions his bare muscles are being strained. This statue is very dynamic and conveys an emotion of urgency and fight, just as the â€Å"Nike of Samothrace† does.The way the Nike's body twists and is not flat and straight, is the same as the dramatic gesture in â€Å"Laocoon†. The Parthenon frieze, â€Å"Laocoon†, â€Å"Ni ke of Samothrace†, and even the â€Å"Nike Adjusting Her Sandal† all show the movement in a body as it would in real life. The way the fabric falls and the twist in the body make the statues feel and look more real and relatable. At this time in Greek culture respect for the gods was immense. They believed the gods were heroes and took sides to help out; obviously you would want to be in the gods favor.When carving the â€Å"Nike of Samothrace†, the artist made her to show the people that the gods were on their side and that they would have victory over their war and conflicts. The Nike was in the same style as all the Greek goddesses would have been, with the ideal body shape, flowing robs, and for the Nike's, large wings. She was placed in a temple to show her importance and divinity and to represent the power that Samothrace wanted to convey. She was carved to look like a real goddess, to bring victory over their sea fair, and to relate to the Greek culture ju st by who she was and who she related too.

“The Arrival” Annaylisis

â€Å"The Arrival,† illustrated by Shaun Tan, presents the visual story of a migrant’s experience as he leaves his home and family to create a better life for them in an unseen country, mirroring a migrant’s life upon migrating to a 1990s New York City, showing his experience of poverty, home sickness, language difficulties, separation from family and loss of social status. The purpose of the book was to represent what many immigrants experienced and reflect their memories of travelling to foreign countries, and for Shaun Tan to depict his experience of growing up in one of the most isolated cities in the world, as he discovered a sense of separation, an unclear conception of identity and questioned what it means to be â€Å"Australian†. The target audience is immigrants who can relate to this book, although there is no particular audience as it can relate to everyone for the book questions every day experiences. The concept of belonging is explored within this text with the use of language features. It uses flashbacks represented in a dark sepia tone, suggesting the past and pain of the trauma of these stories. The sharing of these experiences bonds the arrival to the people within this new environment, creating a place where he feels he can belong. Symbolism is employed, such as the alien creature and the white origami bird who befriend the father. They are representatives of how belonging is about people and relationships and not the locations for these are unstable. This acts as a reminder of where he comes from and inspires him to continue through difficult times. The visual angles create emotion, tension and a sense of individual opinion on belonging among a third person narrative. It uses visual metaphors such as the dragon’s tail that, as a faceless threat, slithers through the old town, providing the push for change and the creation of a new place to belong. There is an absence of written descriptions, which allows individual interpretation and as a result, the belonging experiences of one family becomes a reflection of many. The text has affected my response by having no words, therefore allowing me to create meaning for myself. I was positioned in the characters shoes with the absence of writing, and therefore made my own interpretations. It showed me how it felt to not belong visually with the use of images of different cities around the world. The texts develop my understanding of belonging because it showed me migration is an inessential part of human history. The visual text allowed me to understand what feeling and emotions are felt when you are taken away from your family and then moving to another country.

Investigation of corporate governance characteristics Essay

Investigation of corporate governance characteristics - Essay Example It is significant to find out whether companies are adhering to or not to such formulated rules and practices in their day-to-day corporate governance practices. There has been a tendency not to follow the stipulated guidelines (Berglà ¶f & Claessens 2004). The two Australian companies listed on the Australian Security Exchange (ASX), namely Aditya Birla Minerals and Adelaide Resources can be a good example to check their corporate governance characteristics, their strategies, policies, and practices. Both the companies are into mining and exploration activities. Aditya Birla Minerals (ABM) is running its operations at the Nifty copper operation in the Pilbara region, northern Western Australia, and the Mt Gordon copper operation in northwest Queensland, Australia. Adelaide Resources is into mineral exploration for Gold, Copper, and Uranium deposits. Both the companies have disclosed their governance strategies, policies, and practices in their annual financial reports available on their company websites. As per the Aditya Birla Minerals’ corporate governance statement given in the final annual report 2007-08, the company board has developed policies and practices relevant with the ASX recommendations as well as changes incorporated according to specific conditions. The board of directors of ABM provides strategic direction and effective governance over the company’s affairs. The board also monitors the implementation of its policies, practices, and strategies. It checks compliance with regulations. Hindalco being its block shareholder, the appointment, evaluation, remuneration, succession, and removal of the chief executive officer is decided on the nomination of Hindalco. Selection and appointment of directors is made by the board in the best interests of the company stakeholders. There are six members in the board, out of which three have to be independent non-executive directors, as per the charter of the board. A director can hold either of

Bhagavad Gita or The Divine Song Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Bhagavad Gita or The Divine Song - Essay Example A majority of the sacred texts or scriptures have been composed in the Sanskrit language and are commonly classified into two classes, Sruti and Smriti. Sruti means that which has been heard. Vedas which are the earliest record of the Hindu scriptures belong to this class. Hindu texts other than the Shrutis are collectively called the Smritis which means "memory". The most notable among the Smritis are the epics such as the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. The Bhagavad Gita is a part of the Mahabharata can be considered as belonging to the Smriti class. On the other hand, many consider Gita as a Sruti because its contents are quite ancient and have been taken from the Upanishads. In fact, the Bhagavad Gita is also known as the Gitopanishad. Incidentally, in Ch. 4 of the Gita there is a mention about the knowledge in the Gita being very ancient and traditionally being transmitted orally, implying that Gita is a Sruti. The Bhagavad Gita is one of the most sacred scriptures and for Hindus, it is an authoritative work on the fundamental philosophy of Hinduism. Scriptures can be defined as texts that are considered sacred by religions and are of central importance to religions. Many religions believe that scriptures are texts that have been inspired by the divine. Bhagavad Gita is a scripture if you consider these parameters. It is sacred to the Hindus; it is an inspirational dialogue between Lord Krishna and Arjuna. It is central to Hindu philosophy. The Gita has two main topics: yoga-sastra and brahma-vidya.